Religious, Traditional & Ceremonial
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Aristocratic and Court Titles in Ethiopian History
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The Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles are varied and are unique to the country. There are two categories of nobility in Ethiopia
history. The Mesafint (መሳፍን) or "prince" which is the hereditary nobility and the Mekwanint (መኳንንት) or "governor" who are the
appointed nobles. There is also parallel rules of precedence based on seniority based on age, on offices held, and on when they
each obtained their titles, which make the rules for precedence rather complex in the Ethiopian aristocracy.
Source: Tsega Tekle Haimanot ~ FB post ~ 15 Sep 2019
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Imperial and Royal Titles
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Women's Honorifics and Titles
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Men's Noble Military Titles
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~ Negusa Nagast (ንጉሠ ነገሥት) "King of
kings") was the Emperor of Ethiopia. It is
also called Seyoume Igziabeher (Elect of
God), and The title of Moa Anbessa Ze
Imnegede Yehuda (Conquering Lion of
the Tribe of Judah) always preceded the
titles of the Emperor. The Emperor is
referred to by the dignities of: Girmawi
(ግርማዊ) "His Imperial Majesty" ; Atse
(Emperor when referred to in the third
person) and in his own household
~ Negus (ንጉሥ) "king" is a hereditary
ruler of a province. The Emperor's rule
over these hereditary kings allows the
monarch to use his imperial title king of
kings. The title Negus became hereditary
during and after the Zemene Mesafint.
The rulers of Begemder, Shewa, Gojjam,
Wollo, Tigry all held the title of Negus at
some point, as the "Negus of Shewa",
"Negus of Gojjam", and so forth.
~ Le'ul (ልዑል), "Prince" is a princely title
used by the sons and grandsons of the
Emperor. The title confer upon its holder
the style of Imperial Highness. It first
came into use in the 1900s, replacing the
older title, Abeto (አቤቶሁን)
~ Ras (ራስ) "head", It is one of the most
powerful non-imperial titles. The title ras
is the Ethiopian equivalent to the
western noble title duke.
~ Lij (ልጅ) ləj, "child" -- Is a title issued at
birth to sons of members of the Mesafint,
Ethiopia upper nobility.
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~ Nigist - "Empress Regnant" (ንግሥት) (in
her own right) Literally "Queen ".
~ Itege (እቴጌ) - "Empress Consort" are
generally crowned as consorts by the
Emperor at the Imperial Palace. However,
Empress Taitu Bitul, consort of Menelik II,
became the first Itege to be crowned by the
Emperor at a church rather than at the
Palace.
~ Le'elt (ልዕልት) -- Princess. The Title came
into use in the 1900s. The title is reserved at
birth for daughters of the monarch, and
granddaughters in the male line.
~ Emebet (እመቤት)"Royal Lady" -Reserved
for the unmarried granddaughters of the
monarch in the female line (they were
generally granted the title of leult upon
marriage
~ Woyzero (ወይዘሮ) -- Originally high noble
title that over time came to be the general
accepted form of address for married
women in general (Mrs.).
~ Woyzerit (ወይዘሪት) Lady -- Originally
high ranking noble title for unmarried
women, now the general accepted form of
address for unmarried women in general
(Miss).
Note:
Empress Taytu Bitul commanded an
impressive battlion of 3000+ soldiers and 4
military tanks. She does not fall under
Women's 'honorifcs'.
Ethiopian women were soldiers during the
day and nurturers and made food for their
husbands at night.
Lastly Ethiopia has oftentimes in history
been led by Empresses.
Hindeke, Yodit Gudit, Eleni, Makeda,
Mintewab, Saba Wengel, Tayitu, Xewditu to
name a few.
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~ Dejazmach (ደጃዝማች), "Commander or
General of the Gate") -- Is a military title
meaning commander of the central body
of a traditional Ethiopian armed force
composed of a vanguard, main body, left
and right wings and a rear body. The title
is the Ethiopian equivalent of the western
title Marquis.
~ Fit'awrari (ፊትአውራሪ) “Commander of
the Vanguard” a military title meaning
commander of the vanguard of a
traditional Ethiopian armed force. The
title is the Ethiopian equivalent to the
western title Count.
~ Grazmach (ግራዝማች), “Commander of
the Left Wing” a military title meaning
commander of the left wing of a traditional
Ethiopian armed force. The title is the
Ethiopian equivalent to the western title
viscount.
~ Kegnazmach (ቀኛዝማች) “Commander of
the Right wing” -- a military title meaning
commander of the right wing of a
traditional Ethiopian armed force. The
title is the Ethiopian equivalent of the
western title Baron
~ Balambaras (ባላምባራስ) “Commander
of an Amba or fortress” -- these could also
be commanders of the guards, artillery or
cavalry of a traditional Ethiopian armed
force. In modern times the title is born by
the Grand Master of the Horse, but can be
compared to the western title of Knight or
squire.
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(^) denotes Amharic translation
Imperial and Traditional Ranks and Titles Recognized by the Crown
Taken from the 1998 book, Ethiopia Reaches Her Hand Unto God: Imperial Ethiopia’s Unique Symbols, Structures, and Role in the
Modern World, by Gregory R. Copley, and published by the International Strategic Studies Association, PO Box 20407, Alexandria,
VA 22320, USA.
The titles and ranks of state recognised by the Crown Council are listed below with the transliteration of the Amharic title shown.
But Ethiopian titles are more numerous, complex and subtle than in most European countries. Some titles are used only in one or
more state or region, and not nationally. Some titles are courtesy forms, and without official power, such as woïzero, the title of a
noble woman. The upper nobility itself is known as the makwanent (^). The immediate royal or imperial family are known as
negusawi betasab (^); the more distant members of the family are known as mesafint.
It should be noted that some of the titles are used as court titles and also, separately, as military titles. In many cases, some of the
titles were bestowed as honorifics, in recognition of the rank and closeness of the individual to the Emperor, and in other cases
they were bestowed with the specific meaning of the rank. As well, there were and are often separate and distinct meanings when
the rank is given in a military context as opposed to a court context.
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Imperial, Royal and Noble Titles
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Girmawi Qedamawi Haile Selassie
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His Imperial Majesty Emperor Haile
Selassie I
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Girmawi
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His Imperial Majesty
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Qedamawi
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The First
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Negusa Negest ze Ethiopia
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Empress (in her own right)
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Heir Apparent; Crown Prince
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Title given to Le’uls, Le’ul Rases, and
Rases and, in the traditional Shoan
framework, Meridazmatches. Now used
mainly to signify a Duke in the modern
sense [see below].
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Title of Shoan heads-of-state until 1813,
when Sahle Selassie took the title of
Negus. Literally a prince at the head of an
advance military force. Still used in this
context.
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Prince of the Imperial House
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Prince of the blood, but recently with
connotations of governorship, or
military/regional leadership. Recently
given to princes more distant from the
Monarch.
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Princess of the Imperial House
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Leader of the previous, Zagwé dynastic
family, nominally seated second to the
Emperor, but without political power
outside the Wag areas.
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Antique and now disused title meaning
“ruler of the North” or “Ruler of the
Maritime Province” [ie: Eritrea]. Basically
intended to mean “Ruler of the Seas”.
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Titles Bestowed by the Crown
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Titles Bestowed by the Crown
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Head; in some senses a Field Marshal.
Traditionally often equivalent to the rank
of Duke.
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Beloved [of the Emperor/Nation].
Principal advisor to the Emperor or a
Negus. Also bestowed on the commander
of a fort in ancient times.
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Keeper of the Door; often translating as
Governor-General. The one who, in a war
camp, resides near the door of the
Emperor’s tent; or Marshal of a provincial
headquarters, equivalent of a Count.
Under the Italians, the title was stripped of
authority and prestige. Sometimes in
some areas, the title is “dejatch” of “dejaz”.
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Traditional title given to the Minister of
Defence.
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Literally “gatekeeper”. In fact, the official
who walks in front of the Emperor,
clearing a path. Was “the king’s double in
battle”, which often meant that the person
was chosen to look like the king, in order
to rally the troops and distract the enemy.
Became the title of an important military
leader in the centre of the battle front.
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Leader of the Right Wing [of an Army]. In
civil life, the title in Imperial times was
bestowed on governors of districts.
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Leader of the Front/Centre; commander of
the advance guard, similar to the classic
concept of a knight. In a civilian context,
the title is bestowed on people for loyalty
to the Emperor. Ranks behind a
Dejazmatch.
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Leader of the Left Wing [of an army]. In its
civilian context, the title was given to
high-ranking government officials in times
of peace; had local court
(magistrate/judge) functions.
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Privy Council, Prelate to the Sovereign.
Literally means “master of youths”,
meaning a teacher of great wisdom and
usually bestowed on learned men. It is
higher than Blata, which means an
intellectual, traditionally in legal, religious
or almost all other matters.
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Minister of Justice. Literally “Mouth of the
King”. Not always Minister of Justice. Often
the most senior form of judge, sometimes
in the traditional sense, sometimes in the
modern legal system.
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Minister of the Pen. The Emperor’s
spokesman, speechwriter, historian,
custodian of the Imperial seal; Chancellor
of the Imperial orders and decorations.
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A governor of a province, representing the
Emperor.
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Male descendant of a Noble, generally of a
Le’ul or Ras. Literally means “boy”. When
the figure is clearly a high noble, the title
Abetu (ž) is also often used instead of Lij.
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Female descendant of a Noble, generally a
Le’ul or Ras. Literally means “girl” or
“woman”.
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A ruler of a district or region.
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Today often a local civilian leader. It can
also refer to the commander of a fort.
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Chief of merchants, or trade commissioner.
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Mayor, under the Chief of a Province.
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Protocol official; “superintendent of
banquets”. In the modern sense: chief of
protocol.
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Modern Titles of Nobility
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Form of Address in a Western
Context
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Your Imperial Highness, Your Highness, or
Your Grace (depending on the status of the
holder). It would be acceptable to use the
Amharic “Abetu” (, Lord).
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Lord; Your Lordship (the Amharic “Abetu”
is not used in this context; “Abetu”
signifies a higher rank).
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Knights of the Chivalric Orders
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Excellency; Your Excellency
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Ethiopian Military Titles
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Modern Western Equivalents
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General (or, when the Emperor is in the
field, Lt.-General)
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Brigadier-General (staff) (literally means
commander of the left wing of an army)
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Brig.-General (line) (lit., commander of the
right wing)
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Colonel (line) (literally “chief of a
thousand”)
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Commander of a rifle “corps” (may mean a
company of squad-sized unit). No direct
equivalent.
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Ethiopian Religious Titles
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Primate of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
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Traditional title for the administrative
head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
This title had become subsumed into the
title of Abuna (primate of the Church),
although the title of Etchege was
resurrected in 1997 by the Ethiopian-
based wing of the now split Church. Was
literally “head of monks” and second only
to the Abuna. Originally Prior of the Debra
Libainos monastery. (1)
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The High Priest of Axum, originally the
High-Priest of Axum-Zion. The title
literally means “the laying-on of hands”,
indicating the holder’s rôle in ordinating
and anointing others. (2)
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An important churchman attached to the
Palace.
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A priest who is entitled to marry.
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Priest; father-confessor.
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Honours bestowed upon H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I (added: 07/13/2018)
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In general, military officers are referred to by the term and title yachiembel, although the word, like shalaqa, literally means
“commander of a thousand). (3) The title bacha is generally given to a lower-rank officer, and indeed was often used as the title for
many officers in other services, such as the Customs service.
These are by no means all of the major ranks and titles. The equivalent of “Mister” is Ato (^); “Mrs” or “Madame” would be
Woyzero (^). The Emperor, when spoken of in the third person, may be referred to as Janhoy (^), literally “the emperor”.
Noted historian of Ethiopian Imperial matters, and a direct descendant of Negus Sahle Selassie of Shoa, His Highness Prince Asfa-
Wossen Asserate, highlighted some of the ambiguity regarding ancient and modern uses of some of the titles: “Le’ul Ras is the
equivalent of a Royal Duke, whereas a Ras is a Duke. Every Le’ul Ras and Le’ul, as well as a Meridazmatch is a Mesfin, and is thus
[likely to be] entitled to the distinction of His Highness or His Imperial Highness (HH or HIH).”(4)
He also noted: “Ras is the highest title which can be bestowed upon someone who is not of Royal birth (ie: Ras Mesfin Sileshi, etc.).
Indeed, it is the equivalent of a Duke in the civilian hierarchy and Field Marshal in military terms. Both Le’ul Ras Kassa Hailu and
Le’ul Ras Seyoum Mengesha were officially appointed Field Marshals in 1934.”(5) During the Zemene Mesafint, Tigré was ruled by
a Ras; Amhara by a Dejazmatch. Like feudal lords in mediæval Europe, these ranks held massive authority. Even by the early 19th
Century, for example, Begémder was still ruled by a powerful Ras; Gojjam by a Dejazmatch. And, at this time, the early 19th
Century, the Emperor himself, still resident in Gondar, had little real authority over the regional rulers.
Most of the titles, such as dejazmatch, kegnazmatch, etc., when given in their traditional forms, were — and still are — within the
gift not only of the Emperor, but also of the various kings of the component parts of Ethiopia. Even the rank of king — Negus (^) —
which was a title often assumed by leaders of Ethiopian states, ultimately became something which had to be sanctioned by the
Emperor. This was particularly the case in the years after the Zemene Mesafent, the “Era of Judges”, when Emperor Téwodros
attempted to re-impose some kind of Imperial consolidation on Ethiopia after a protracted period in which the various component
states had acted more-or-less as totally sovereign states. Menelik II, as leader of Shoa, had taken the title of Negus during a period
when he and Shoa were at odds with Emperor Yohannes IV. The Emperor, however, remained unsatisfied until he, in 1877 and
1878, was able to forcibly coerce Menelik into a position of fealty to the Imperial Throne. At that point, Emperor Yohannes, having
accepted the very real acknowledgement of Menelik’s subordination, granted the Shoan leader the title of Negus. This was the first
instance in which Emperor Yohannes had been able to make such a clear statement: the title was his to give, not for a regional
leader to take.
“Though virtually all-powerful in relation to the peasantry, and to the people at large, the nobles were almost entirely subordinate
to the monarch. During the reign of Lebnä Dengel [Dawit II], the ‘great lords’, whom Alvarez (6) likens to kings, were thus ‘all
tributary’ to the sovereign who appointed and dismissed them at his pleasure ‘with or without cause’.”(7)
The Ethiopian word shum-shir, meaning “appoint-demote”, applied to this process of changing of positions at the emperor’s, or
king’s, whim.(8)
Noted Ethiopianist scholar Donald Levine said: “Even after transforming and limiting the powers of the mesafint [extended royal
family] and makwanent [senior nobles], these men have [still] been called the bala seltan (^, ‘holders of power’).”(9)
The lesser titles, however, were indeed in the past able to be given by the regional leaders as well as by the Emperor. The title ras
(^), which is still frequently seen, is one of military or regional authority, which often implies that the person would be the head of
an army attached to his region. The almost literal interpretation of ras is a “field marshal”, although in general terms, unless
specified by the Emperor, equates today — according to some sources — to a lieutenant-general in Western terms, except where
the ras is a political or royal/imperial figure. The rank of ras is today only given by the Crown.
A prince who is a military leader could be styled le’ul ras (^), for example, something like the equivalent of a Royal Duke in Britain.
However, the creation of an actual Ethiopian dukedom, in the European or Japanese sense, only occurred in the 1930s in Ethiopia,
when Emperor Haile Selassie created the Dukedom of Harar, with the first Duke (in Amharic: Mesfin) being the second son of the
Emperor. In order of precedence, the Mesfin of Harar would rank higher than virtually all le’ul rases.
Following the example of the creation of the Dukedom of Harar, the Crown recognised the creation of titles which correspond to
internationally-recognised ranks of nobility: Duke, Marquis, Count, Viscount, and Baron. Of these, only Duke equates directly to an
Ethiopian title: mesfin. The word mesfin has clearly been referred to in some old documents as another term for “Prince”, the
normal word for which is le’ul.(10) Prince Asfa-Wossen Asserate confirms this.
It is possible for these titles to be combined with traditional titles. For example, the Marquis of Ankober was created Bitwoded and
Marquis of Ankober simultaneously.(11) [Ankober, founded by Negus Amha Iyasus, was the city from which Negus Sahle Selassie
created the Shoan State. The city, then a thriving centre of some 15,000 people, was the home to a succession of kings, and was
one of the twin capitals of Shoa.]
In some senses — in the ceremonial realm as opposed to the traditional European sense in which some of the titles of nobility
relate directly to the control of territory — the title bitwoded (^) approximates the level of a Count, although this is not a literal
translation. A bitwoded is, however, a senior Imperial Court figure.(12) HIH Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, before he became Emperor
Amha Selassie, created at least one Count, but without granting the traditional appelation of bitwoded.(13)
A blata or belata was the official who acted as the counsellor to the princes of the Blood, and also acted in place of the bitwoded of
the Court in his absence. A blata would always have a stature after (or inferior to) a dejaz or dejazmatch.
Beneath these officials lay a host of ranks, titles and responsibilities, many of which are listed in the tables, above. But there are
titles for many other functions, as well, ranging from Teklegna (the administrative representative of the chief of a region) to
Kotetari (who acted as the controller of receipts for the governors of regions); and so on. The title Tigré-Makonnen, for example,
was given to the leader of Tigré, but later was used for the chief of the Agamé district, and generally also carried the rank and title
of Fitawrari.
Emperor Haile Selassie I, who, although he was descended directly from the Solomonic line, was not directly descended from
Emperor Menelik’s branch. Haile Selassie was born Tafari Makonnen in 1892. His father, Ras Makonnen, was Governor and Ras of
Harar, a close friend of his cousin, Emperor Menelik II, and a key figure in the Shoa Amhara nobility. As the son of a noble, Tafari
was born with the honorific Lij (^). Because of his later functions and power, he was accorded the title Ras, and as Ras Tafari
became Regent of Ethiopia and, in 1928, Negus of Ethiopia, before becoming Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930.
The Emperor, who is accorded the prefix “His Imperial Majesty” (in its Western translation), is, under the terms of the pre-
revolutionary Constitution of Ethiopia, Head of State. He is also accorded the title “Elect of God” (Atsie), and is the Head of the
House of Solomon, and holder of the Throne of Solomon. The wife of the Emperor, the Empress, has no constitutional power,
unless she rules in her own right as Empress, as was the case with Empress Zauditu, early in the 20th Century.
The title “Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah” (^) is often attached to the Emperor’s name, but is not a title of the Emperor
himself. As Prince Asfa-Wossen Asserate noted: “The phrase ‘Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah’ has never been the title of
Ethiopian monarchs. Rather, the words ‘The Lion of the Tribe of Judah hath prevailed’ (see Genesis 49:9) should be seen as the
Imperial motto, in the same way that ‘Honi Soit Qui Mal y Pense’ is the motto of the British ruling house. It is only our Lord Jesus
Christ who is accorded this title [‘Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah’], and Ethiopian Monarchs used this motto in order to
proclaim that they were Christians.”(14)
In proclaiming the 1955 Constitution, the phrase “Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah” appeared above the name of the
Emperor, indicating the religious authority of the Crown.
The Crown Prince, although named by the ruling Emperor as his heir, is only named Emperor on the death of the ruling Sovereign if
so approved by the Crown Council. He is accorded the prefix “His Imperial Highness” (HIH), as are all princes of the Blood in direct
line of the ruling branch of the house. Princesses of the blood of the direct line of the ruling branch of the House, and the wives of
such princes of the Blood are accorded the prefix “Her Imperial Highness”. Princes of the Solomonic bloodline from an older or
cadet branch of the family are styled His Highness (HH), rather than HIH.
Princesses were created directly by the issuance of a decree from the Emperor. These were often immediate family members, and
are princesses in their own right. As well, wives of princes of the blood are automatically styled as princesses as courtesy titles.
A Viceroy may be named by the Ruling Emperor to act in an executive capacity in matters of State when the Emperor is
incapacitated or otherwise unable to perform the functions of State, or to perform certain regional functions (such as the governor-
generalship of a governorate or region). Upon the death of the Ruling Emperor, a viceroy having been appointed by the Emperor
may continue in this capacity at the discretion of the Crown Council.(15) In all other aspects, the Crown Council itself undertakes
the effective office of the Crown until the interregnum is ended by decision of the Council. The 1955 Constitution stipulates one
limitation on the Council, however: only a reigning Emperor may create a new prince or princess.
Much of the formal codification of the Constitution was the work of Emperor Haile Selassie I, who took what was essentially the
first step in some three millennia to bring the Ethiopian monarchy into line with what might be called international practices and
norms. He had successfully engineered Ethiopia through the Italian invasions of the 1930s and through World War II, and had
emerged as a statesman of international stature.
Born as Tafari Makonnen in 1892, he married Woyzero Menen, the daughter of Emperor Menelik II and granddaughter of Negus
Mikael of Wollo, in 1911. By becoming Ras, Tafari became the focus of the Christian majority’s approval, over Menelik’s grandson,
Lij Iyasu, who succeeded, de facto, to the Throne in 1911. Emperor Menelik had suffered a series of strokes and his wife, Empress
Taitu, effectively retained considerable power through Ras Tessemma, whom Menelik had named as Regent in 1909, until the
faction surrounding Lij Iyasu effectively took power, pushing Empress Taitu into house arrest. Iyasu (sometimes referred to as
Yasu) was never crowned, and he was alleged to have converted to Islam, although this was never documented. He did, however,
have an illustrious lineage, not only through the Solomonic bloodline, but also made a significant claim to the bloodline of the
Prophet Mohammed, in effect making him and the current bloodline of Haile Selassie sharifs — descendants of the Prophet — as
well as descendants of King Solomon. Burke’s Royal Familes of the World, Volume II, stated that Iyasu had in fact converted to
Islam(16). In any event, the possibility of the conversion, and the belief that it had occurred, was sufficient to cause unremitting
opposition from the Church. He had proven, in any event, incapable of ruling the Empire. Menelik’s daughter, Zauditu, was made
Empress (Negeste-Negestate ^) on condition that she separated from her husband, whom the Shoan nobility distrusted, and that
her cousin, Tafari Makonnen — who was married to Iyasu’s niece — became Regent.(17)
Iyasu’s father attempted to rally support for his son, but his forces were defeated militarily and he died in captivity. Lij Iyasu was
himself arrested in 1921 and some years later died in custody. But during his period, uncrowned, in office, Lij Iyasu took a stand in
Ethiopia’s international relations which was contrary to the approach which his grandfather would have taken, and one markedly
different from that taken by other Ethiopian leaders of the time: he supported the Axis powers — Germany and Turkey in
particular — against the Allies during World War I.
Iyasu was never crowned as Negus or Negusa Negest ze Ethiopia, and his only formal title was Lij, itself an honorific to connote
that he was born of noble blood. But his bloodline was clear, and he was always referred to as “Lord” (Abetu, ^) when addressed
during his period at the helm of affairs. [The title Abetu had, at the end of the 17th Century and in the early 18th Century, been a
title of authority by itself; the first ruler of nominally sovereign Shoa was called Abetu.] The title Abetu (to mean “Lord”) would
never be used to address a noble of other rank, as the title “lord” would be used in Britain, where a marquis, earl, viscount or baron
are rightfully addressed as “lord”.
With the disintegration of the Iyasu administration, Ras Tafari Makonnen was named heir and Regent in 1917, but did not ascend
the throne as Negus until 1928 and did not become Emperor until the death of Empress Zauditu in November 1930. He then took
the name “Haile Selassie” (meaning “Might of the Holy Trinity”) as his throne name. And he became the fourth Imperial monarch to
hold his court in Addis Ababa — meaning “New Flower” in Amharic — the city founded by Emperor Menelik in 1896.
Few cultures have so many unique structures and titles as Ethiopia. Much of this is a direct result of the relative isolation of the
Ethiopian societies, which grew up protected by the rough topography of the region, and by the fact that world trade for countless
centuries passed them by, flowing down the Red Sea and only occasionally touching its littorals. After several thousand years, the
remnants of the cross-Red Sea empire of the Sabæans still exist in language (the Ethiopic languages, being Semitic-Hemitic, derive
from this era), and other symbols.
There are many titles in Ethiopian society which are for functions which do not exist in direct parallel elsewhere. Religious and
cultural life became rich with structure and meaning. Obeisance to hierarchical structures gave Ethiopians a sense of their own
being and place in the world which today is often replaced (as it is in Western societies) by a reaffirmation of self-worth which
derives solely from material possession or fashion.
That Ethiopians can take pride in their historical structures and symbols is a measure of their retention of true wealth.
(1) According to Ethiopia: The Classic Case, by Ermias Kebede Wolde-Yesus, the Nibure-Id, the title Etchege means, literally, “the
one who shares power with and sits beside the Atsie [ie: the Emperor]”, representing the House of the Priesthood.
(2) As noted by Ermias Kebede Wolde-Yesus (see above), the inheritance of this title was passed on to the incumbent Ethiopian
High Priest at the time of Queen Makeda to the Israelite first-born High Priest Azaryas, who accompanied the Ark of the Covenant
to Ethiopia. The post became a Christian one around the 4th Century CE. The last surviving Nibure-Id, Ermias Kebede Wolde-
Yesus, was imprisoned for many years by the Dergue who seized power in 1974; he was released in 1981 and was able, in 1985, to
leave Ethiopia. He is, at the time of writing, in exile in the Washington DC area of the United States.
(3) A. Zervos’s book, Le Miroir de l’Éthiopie Moderne, 1906-1935, was an invaluable source of confirmation or elaboration on
many of the traditional titles of Ethiopia. His book looked not only at the titles as they were used in the time up to the Italian
invasion of Ethiopia, but also at the historical origins. That this book was limited to a mere 1,900 copies makes it a rare jewel in
modern Ethiopian scholarship.
(4) Correspondence with HH Prince Asfa-Wossen Asserate to the author, June 30, 1998.
(5) Ibid.
(6) Francisco Alvarez, early 16th Century Portuguese traveller in Ethiopia.
(7) Pankhurst, Richard: A Social History of Ethiopia. Op Cit. p.20.
(8) Levine, Donald N. Wax & Gold. Op Cit.
(9) Levine, Donald N. Op Cit. p.185.
(10) Zervos. Op Cit.
(11) Files of the Crown Council.
(12) Zervos even notes that a Bitwoded is the official “in high charge of the [Imperial] Court”, although not all Bitwodeds are given
the actual responsibility as opposed to the honorific.
(13) Files of the Crown Council.
(14) HH Prince Asfa-Wossen Asserate, in correspondence with the author, June 30, 1998.
(15) The Crown Council, during an interregnum, may name a Viceroy in its own right to represent the President of the Crown
Council when the President is indisposed or wishes to despatch a Viceregal representative to a particular area or situation.
(16) Burke’s Royal Families of the World, Volume II: Africa and the Middle East. London, 1980: Burke’s Peerage Limited.
(17) Ibid.
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